RESUMO
Background: Smoking is one of the most relevant public health problems worldwide and one of the main causes of preventable premature death. In-hospital treatment and subsequent follow-up are effective in terms of cessation. Aim: To determine the frequency of smoking habits among patients hospitalized at a private clinic in Santiago. Material and Methods: Hospitalized patients were invited to answer a structured and adapted questionnaire on smoking habits. Results: The survey was answered by 294 patients (56% women). Twenty three percent of respondents were smokers. Among smokers, 50% indicated a consumption from 1 to 5 cigarettes per day, 19% smoked during the first hour after waking, and 43% lived with another smoker in their home. Eighty three percent thought about quitting and made unsuccessful attempts to quit using different strategies. Conclusions: The percentage of smokers in this group of patients is lower than that reported in the national health survey. The high proportion of respondent that are attempted to quit and failed, justifies the availability of structured quitting programs at the hospital and follow-up strategies after discharge.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Fumar/epidemiologia , Pacientes , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar , Idade de Início , HospitalizaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The evaluation of functional capacity and the presence of frailty is an essential prognostic indicator in older people. Aim: To explore the instruments used to characterize the intrinsic functional capacity (CFI) and frailty in elderly people cared at Primary Health Care Centers (PHC) in Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A narrative review of national and international scientific literature was carried out, including observational studies published in Pubmed (since 2015) and Scielo (since 2010) about tools to assess CFI or frailty. Studies in English or Spanish carried out in Chilean beneficiaries of PHC aged 60 years and over, were included. Results: After the first search, 110 articles were selected in Pubmed and 86 in Scielo. According to the relevance of the title and abstract, 36 articles were preliminarily screened, of which 25 were selected for full reading, 12 of which were finally included in this review. In Chile, the main instrument used to assess CFI is the Functional Examination of the Elderly (EFAM). There are few national studies to assess frailty and the instruments used are mainly based on the Fried criteria and the FTI (Frailty Tilburg Indicator). The reviewed studies suggest improving the coverage and reconsidering the predictive capacity of the measurements used for the assessment of CFI and frailty in older people, suggesting the incorporation of handgrip strength as a predictor of frailty. CONCLUSIONS: The main instruments to assess CFI and frailty in older people cared in PHC in Chile are the EFAM, and the Fried and FTI criteria, respectively.
Assuntos
Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Fragilidade/diagnóstico , Avaliação Geriátrica , Chile , Idoso Fragilizado , Força da MãoRESUMO
Resumen: Los niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA) representan a un cuarto de la población chilena, sobre la cual en términos de protección el país se ha enfocado en la promoción de igualdad de oportunidad de derechos en base a convenciones internacionales. Sin embargo, aún los NNA siguen muriendo por causas prevenibles y modificables, además de experimentar importantes grados de vulnerabilidad, situación que repercute en complejos efectos emocionales y cognitivos a lo largo de su ciclo vital. Según la evidencia internacional el bienestar de los NNA va directamente relacionado con los índi ces de desigualdad social, valorando el bienestar como un componente esencial y transversal a los derechos de los NNA del país. En Chile, el bienestar subjetivo se define como las percepciones de los NNA respecto de sus condiciones vitales -tanto en el aspecto económico, como social, cultural, de salud y logros personales. Este concepto se ha estudiado a través de diferentes instrumentos los cuales podrían ser de gran utilidad para promover el componente psicosocial y calidad de vida de los NNA en las estrategias y políticas nacionales en esta población. En esta revision se propone integrar de ma nera explícita en las políticas públicas de la infancia y adolescencia el concepto de bienestar subjetivo, con el fin de entregar oportunidades justas, positivas y sistemáticas para el máximo desarrollo de los NNA en su ciclo vital, validando empíricamente las condiciones necesarias del buen vivir basado en un enfoque moderno de derechos humanos al cual el país se ha comprometido.
Abstract: Children and adolescents (CA) represent a quarter of the Chilean population, on which the country, regarding protection, has focused on the promotion of equal rights opportunities based on different international conventions. However, CA continue to die from preventable and modifiable causes in addition to experiencing severe degrees of vulnerability, a situation that has an impact on com plex emotional and cognitive effects through their life cycle. According to international evidence, the welfare of CA is directly related to social inequality indices, valuing well-being as an essential and transversal component of the rights of CA in the country. In Chile, subjective well-being is defined as the perceptions of CA regarding their living conditions, both economic, social, cultural, and health aspects and personal achievements. This concept has been studied through different instruments which could be very useful to promote the psychosocial component and quality of life of CA in na tional strategies and policies in this population. This review proposes to explicitly integrate into the public policies of CA the concept of subjective well-being in order to provide fair, positive and sys tematic opportunities for the maximum development of CA in their life cycle, empirically validating the necessary conditions for good living based on a modern human rights approach that the country has committed to.